Research Integrity

Image Manipulation

Images must accurately represent the original data. Inappropriate manipulation is a form of misconduct.

Acceptable adjustments

Adjustments such as brightness or contrast are acceptable only if applied to the whole image and if they do not obscure or misrepresent any information.

What is prohibited

Adding, moving or removing elements, or selectively enhancing parts of a figure, is not permitted. Original files may be requested for verification.

Verification

We may screen images and ask authors to supply unprocessed data where concerns about integrity arise.

Last updated