Bilge Academic Publishing is committed to maintaining the integrity and transparency of the scholarly record. When credible concerns are raised about the reliability, integrity, or ethical conduct of a published article, but the available evidence is insufficient to reach a final conclusion, the publisher may issue an Expression of Concern in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Core Practices and relevant COPE Flowcharts. An Expression of Concern serves to inform readers that an investigation is ongoing and that the findings of the article should be interpreted with appropriate caution. Such notices may be issued in cases involving suspected research or publication misconduct, disputed authorship, ethical concerns, unreliable data, or other issues requiring further investigation by the authors, their institutions, or other relevant bodies. Expressions of Concern are published as separate, citable notices, permanently linked to the original article, and remain part of the scholarly record. Once the investigation has been completed, the notice will be updated or replaced, as appropriate, by a correction, retraction, or a statement confirming the reliability and integrity of the published article