Research Integrity

Citation Manipulation

Citations must be relevant and honest. Coercive or excessive self-citation undermines the integrity of the literature.

Coercive citation

Editors and reviewers must never require authors to add citations solely to increase the citations of a journal, editor or reviewer.

Excessive self-citation

References should support the manuscript's arguments. Padding a paper with unnecessary self-citations is a form of manipulation.

Our response

Suspected citation manipulation is investigated and may lead to correction, rejection or sanctions against those responsible.

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